A Revisionist perspective of the election of Thomas Jefferson essays

A Revisionist perspective of the election of Thomas Jefferson essays Consensus historians paint Thomas Jefferson as the great father of democracy, referring to his election to the presidency as the revolution of 1800. In actuality, Thomas Jefferson was an inconsistent man, who was philosophically against the Federalists, but who did not bring about any significant political or ideological changes during his presidency. Recently, revisionist historians have begun to question the notion of Jefferson as the representative of the common man. Many of these historians now agree that Jeffersons life was wrought with contradictions, and that his policies, as a president, actually reflected a synthesis of the Federalist and Republican ideologies. We are all republicans, we are all federalists, Jefferson stated in his first inaugural address. Many Americans were shocked to hear those words come out of the same mouth that had supported the bloody conflicts of the French Revolution years before. Jeffersons many political theories, and personal letters, sometimes reflected an interest in the common man and democracy, while his actual practices were drastically different. Politically, the Jeffersonian party was insecure and inconsistent. After being elected president, Jefferson did nothing to increase the level of democracy in the government. Traditionally, the Jeffersonian movement and the Republican Party have been seen as anti-capitalist, promoting the interests of the common man, and favoring a strict interpretation of the constitution. The Hamiltonian movement and the Federalist Party represented the elite capitalist class, favoring a concentration of power in the State, and a loose interpretation of the constitution. Revisionist historians have argued against this view. They argue that the Jeffersonian and Hamiltonian movements are not significantly different, but rather each represents different factions of elites. There are numerous examples that show the ac...

List of Works by Writer Henrik Ibsen

List of Works by Writer Henrik Ibsen Henrik Ibsen is one of the most famous and controversial writers in world literature. Born in Norway in 1828, his plays would make him a household name. Ibsen is a founder of the Modernist theater movement. His plays broke new ground and earned him the nickname the father of realism, a style of theater that focused on domestic interactions. The goal of realism was to create theater that resembled real life and had dialogue that sounded more natural. Ibsen is best known for the play A Dolls House, which deals with the limitations and harsh expectations of women at the time. Henrik Ibsen List of Works 1850 - Catiline (Catilina)1850 - The Burial Mound also known as The Warriors Barrow (Kjà ¦mpehà ¸jen)1851 - Norma (Norma)1852 - St. Johns Eve (Sancthansnatten)1854 - Lady Inger of Oestraat (Fru Inger til Østeraad)1855 - The Feast at Solhaug (Gildet paa Solhoug)1856 - Olaf Liljekrans (Olaf Liljekrans)1857 - The Vikings at Helgeland (Hà ¦rmà ¦ndene paa Helgeland)1862 - Digte - only released collection of poetry1862 - Loves Comedy (Kjà ¦rlighedens Komedie)1863 - The Pretenders (Kongs-Emnerne)1866 - Brand (Brand)1867 - Peer Gynt (Peer Gynt)1869 - The League of Youth (De unges Forbund)1873 - Emperor and Galilean (Kejser og Galilà ¦er)1877 - Pillars of Society (Samfundets Stà ¸tter)1879 - A Dolls House (Et Dukkehjem)1881 - Ghosts (Gengangere)1882 - An Enemy of the People (En Folkefiende)1884 - The Wild Duck (Vildanden)1886 - Rosmersholm (Rosmersholm)1888 - The Lady from the Sea (Fruen fra Havet)1890 - Hedda Gabler (Hedda Gabler)1892 - The Master Builder (Bygmester Solness)1896 - John Gabriel Borkman (John Gabriel Borkman) 1899 - When We Dead Awaken (Nà ¥r vi dà ¸de vaagner) Inspiration for A Dolls House Ibsens most famous work, which is often considered an early feminist masterpiece, was based on the life of Laura Kieler, a friend of the authors. Kieler had a rocky relationship with her husband. She asked Isben to help her find a publisher for her work, but the author refused. Kieler needed money to pay for her husbands medical bills. With no way to earn money, she decided to forge a loan. Her husband divorced her and had her committed to an asylum upon learning of her crime. Ibsen was deeply disturbed by what had happened and his role in it. Ibsen felt inspired to write A Dolls House, much of the protagonists plight is taken from Kielers ordeal. She served two years in the asylum before returning to her ex-husband and children. She would go on to become a successful Norwegian author but, to her dismay, was forever linked to Ibsens play.

Law Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Law Ethics - Essay Example Regardless, Title VII's notions have stood up in court, and this means that it has to be acknowledged in the workplace. This is true of the Eatman case, and through further analysis, once can display the fact that UPS's intentions were clearly in the wrong, as Title IV does not allow them to fire on the basis of religious discrimination. Title VII does not allow anyone to be discriminated against on the basis of race, sex, sexual preference, or religion in the workplace. Those who have particularly religious ideals (i.e. certain holidays that must be observed, as in the Jewish faith) cannot be discriminated against by the company on the basis of these ideals. This law has been written to include any standard religious observance and thus needs to be carefully observed and respected by companies. Therefore, if companies are not allowed to discriminate on the basis of religion, they are certainly not able to discriminate against one's choice of dress because of his or her religion. While UPS does have a policy that only UPS hats can be worn on the job, in light of Eatman's known religious preference, an exception should have been made to this rule. Eatman is of the Rastafarian religion and was mandated to wear a turban to cover his dreadlocks; certainly there is no harm in this mandate. Since it was a religious policy , UPS should not have discriminated against this desire, as it is a violation of Title VII to do this.UPS further violated Title VII by actually taking the step of firing Eatman over the situation. This is demonstrating a clear act of discrimination against one of a different religion. The concept of termination is not an acceptable approach in this situation, and it is in clear violation of Title VII. Obviously Eatman had disclosed his religion and his reason for wanting to wear a turban. Since this was a religious preference and because Title VII protects religious preference in the workplace, UPS should have given into the original request. UPS does not have any right to fire somebody on the basis of wearing a turban instead of a hat for his or her religion. Had Eatman demonstrated gross negligence or demonstrated the fact that he could not successfully complete his job,that would have been another item. But the wearing of a turban versus a hat certainly has no bearing on the ove rall job performance. It is acknowledged that UPS has a policy about wearing hats, but again, the fact that this was a religious preference and request should have been considered. Not considering a religious request is a clear violation of Title VII, and UPS has certainly mistreated Eatman and his requests.In order to correct this issue, UPS must first allow Eatman to come back to his job. Since the firing on the basis of the hat policy was discriminatory and unethical, Eatman should be awarded his job. Furthermore, UPS needs to rewrite their business policies in general to make sure that their policies do not allow for any type of discrimination on the basis of race, sex, gender, sexual preference, or religion. UPS, as a company, will need to review all aspects of its policies in order to make sure that they are being fair and ethical as far as the concept of non-discrimination according to Title VII is concerned. This may need to involve all board members or stockholders, and wil l

Infectious disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Infectious disease - Essay Example The HIV virus damages the immune system by damaging CD4+ lymphocytes and marring cell-mediated immunity, which impedes the body’s ability to combat infections thereby rendering the body susceptible to diseases (McCutchan, 2013). As a result, when other viruses, bacteria or pathogens gain access to the body, they fail to get resistance from the host body immune system hence cause disease. Thereafter, a person with the HIV virus in his or her body is said to have AIDS when the immune system gets compromised. AIDS is a multiplex of signs and illnesses brought about by the effects of HIV on the immune system. From the name, an individual must come into contact with the virus to have an infection. HIV virus thrives in biological fluids such as human blood, semen, and vaginal secretions. Breast milk also contains the virus. Other body fluids such as amniotic fluid surrounding a fetus as well fluids surrounding organs such as the brain or the spinal cord also contain the HIV virus. HIV virus exits the host through various portals such as the mucus membranes, open wounds, bloodstream, and genital tract. The breasts also serve as a portal of exit for infected mothers who breastfeed their infants. HIV virus moves from the reservoir to a new host through participating in unprotected oral, vaginal or anal sexual intercourse with an infected person. According to the World Health Organization, HIV/AIDS spreads mainly through sexual contact thereby making it classified as a sexually transmitted infection (2015). Sharing needles with a person who is infected with HIV also leads to transmission of the virus. Consequently, the abuse of injectable drugs such as heroine is associated with high rates of HIV transmission. Expectant mothers infected with the HIV virus can also transmit it to their babies in the course of the gestation period, during childbirth or while breastfeeding. However, recent advancements in the prevention of mother to child

A look at the death rates in the united states according to race Essay Example for Free

A look at the death rates in the united states according to race Essay Death Rates, Many of the death rates in the United States may be explained, for example, why are the death rates of African Americans so high on homicide? Well, it is said that because most black people live in Urban areas or in what people call â€Å"guetos† (not necessarily all but a good amount) that means they usually live on these dangerous places where death rates are pretty high making their victimology pretty high. Now if we combine this with the fact that most black men kill other black men whether it is (usually because of gangs) then we can assume that the death rates of black men because of homicides is pretty high because they usually live on places that are very dangerous and controlled by gangs and most are killed by people of their own race (and some may argue too by police but thats another topic) which would explain these statistics and same could be explained for other races. Another example could be that many Americans (despite the different racial groups) are likely to die from heart disease, and that is because of the fast foods. In other words, if Americans would eat healthier instead of constantly going to fast foods and started to take care of themselves also by doing exercise then it wouldn’t have to worry so much of dying from heart disease and those death rates among Americans will most likely decrease. The differences in the death rates are because of culture and the way people live their lives, so if a race, for example, let’s maybe there’s a high death rate of Hispanics because of kidney failure (this is an example it may not be true) then maybe the reason could be because they drink a lot of alcohol or something same with other types of diseases or may be ways of thinking. Maybe whites can’t control their stress or are less likely to seek help when they have psychological problems which would explain the high deat h rates. I believe all of these differences in death rates are because of how each racial group decides to live and that is why in certain categories those death rates are high for the different racial groups.

One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest Essay -- essays research papers

Jeff Saccone 12/16 Per. 4 Cuckoo The value of experience plays a major role in the poem The Waking by, Roethke and One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest by, Kesey. Both portray a similar message, which seems to suggest that in life you must learn to live by gaining different experiences, which contribute to making you the person that you are. The quote â€Å"I learn by going where I go† from The Waking would be the same philosophy that Mc Murphy used in One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest to teach the ward members how to live on their own and gain a sense of individuality. You can not shy away from things or go through life doing the same things over and over again or you become a machine incapable of making your own decisions. In The Waking the author tells of how you must ask questions about things you don’t know and you must learn things by actually venturing into the unknown to gain new knowledge. In One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, Mc Murphy tries to make the patients believe in themselves and not have to go by the strict rules of the nurse. By allowing them to learn to help themselves he in a sense opens each inmate to a new world in which they can succeed and therefore they do not need to be sheltered from society. He tries to let them gain new experiences and even if they are not successful ones they still learn something and gain confidence and individuality. In The Waking the poem can be compared to an a patient in One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest before Mc Murphy got a chance t...

Free education Essay

When Thomas Edison set out to create the light bulb, his intention was to reduce the amount of time that people spent sleeping. His idea was that if people had light to work by they could and would work longer hours. In his mind, sleep was something that was not needed and stood opposed to progress (Coren, 1996). â€Å"Anything which tends to slow work down is a waste. We are always hearing people talk about ‘loss of sleep’ as a calamity. They better call it loss of time, vitality, and opportunity. † -Thomas Edison Even great minds, like Edison’s, can be wrong at times. Some researchers argue that had Edison spent more time sleeping it would not have taken him more than 1000 attempts to create his light bulb. Research has shown that lack of sleep can have adverse effects on an individual’s physical health, mental health, and productivity. The information presented in this paper will address the importance of sleep in human health, safety, and productivity. First, some physical issues attributed to sleep deprivation will be discussed. Next, mental problems linked to lack of sleep with be outlined with documented cases. Lastly, examples of errors and disasters that have been tied to sleep deprivation will be presented. There are many physical issues that are linked to sleep deprivation. Cardiovascular problems and greater risk of death have been tied to lack of sleep. The human body requires sleep to restore and repair itself. When the body does not get the rest it requires the consequences can be quite unfortunate. Poor sleep has been shown to increase the risk of high blood pressure, heart failure, stroke, and heart attack. The human liver produces a protein called â€Å"C-reactive protein† that is used by the body to aid in response to inflammation, injury, or infection and is removed by the body when the inflammation, injury, or infection is gone or heals. This protein binds to damaged cells, as well as some bacteria, to aid in removing them from the body. This allows the body to heal. One study showed that over a period of five days during which a subject was denied sleep, the C-reactive protein builds up in blood at a steady and significant rate. Sleeping allows the body time to process and remove these proteins. An increase of these proteins can at times lead to heart attack, stroke, or high blood pressure (Meier-Ewert , Ridker , Rifai, Regan, Price, Dinges & Mullington, 2004). The body is able to restore itself and heal when given between six and eight hours of sleep in a 24-hour period. While a person sleeps the immune system is working to restore and revive the body. When the human body is not granted enough sleep, the immune system is not able to fully complete the task of taking care of and healing the body. Lack of sleep can also cause the number of T-cells to decline in the human body. T-cells aid in immunity and assist other cells in their functions. Lower T-cell levels mean that the body is less able to fight off infection, subdue inflammation, or heal an injury (Mann, 2010). When the body is unable to heal itself, there is greater risk of death. Sleep deprivation can also lead to an increase of stress, which has been linked to heart disease, obesity, depression, gastrointestinal issues, as well as mental heath issues. Allowing the body to rest and rejuvenate during sleep helps ensure that many physical issues associated with the lack of sleep can be avoided. Another way that lack of sleep increases the chance of early death is in traffic accidents. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration gives a conservative estimate that 100,000 reported crashes per year are a result of a fatigued driver (â€Å"Facts and stats† 2012). Mental illness has also been linked to lack of sleep. Issues ranging from poor concentration, inability to focus, memory loss, the appearance of psychosis, and diagnosed mental disorders have been attributed to sleep deprivation. In the past, researchers believed that poor sleep was caused by psychiatric problems. However, recent research is showing that a lack of sleep is usually the catalyst of mental disorders. When the human body needs to concentrate or focus when it has not had enough sleep, it produces hormones adrenaline and cortisol in an attempt to engage and wake itself up. These hormones give the body a short-term boost in energy and they affect the body in much the same way that caffeine does. Once the boost in energy is finished, the body often â€Å"crashes† and a person returns to feeling tired; unable to concentrate or focus again. These hormones, again like caffeine, often make a person feel jittery of jumpy, which may impede concentration and focus. These hormones have also been directly linked to increase stress in the human body (Hart, 1985). Memory loss can also be a result of sleep deprivation. Memories are captured and recalled in the brain by a three-step process. The first step in creating memories is acquisition; where a person has their first experience with what will become the memory. The next is consolidation; which occurs while a person sleeps. In this step a memory becomes stable in a persons brain. Recall, the final step, is the ability to access the memory in the future. When the brain is denied the opportunity to stabilize a memory during sleep, a person is much less likely to retain the memory (Chang, 2011). Studies have also shown that students who study regularly and get a good night sleep before exams generally do better than students who â€Å"cram† the night before. The information that the student needs is better solidified in the brain and is ready for recall when the student needs to access the information (Sifferlin, Augu). Symptoms of psychosis have also been directly tied to sleep deprivation. In at least two documented cases, persons who went without sleep for extended periods of time showed symptoms similar to psychosis. In 1964 Randy Gardner attempted to gain entry into the Guiness Book of Work Records by staying awake for eleven days (264 hours). Gardner suffered a gamut of symptoms. Days two through five found Gardner unable to concentrate, irritable, unwilling to cooperate with others, and hallucinating. During days six through nine Gardner’s speech slowed, his irritability increased, and he began to have lapses in his memory. He often would begin sentences without finishing them and he had difficulty recalling the names of common objects. Paranoia began to set in on day ten. On day eleven, Gardner’s speech was slurred and without intonation. He seemed expressionless and had to be encouraged to talk or respond to someone talking to him (Ross, 1965). A similar story is told of Peter Tripp, a disk jockey from New York. In an effort to raise money for the March of Dimes, Tripp stayed awake for 200 hours. He showed many of the same symptoms that Gardner did. Tripp’s experience with sleep deprivation ended with him mistaking a doctor for an undertaker. He charged out of the room with doctors following close behind. Tripp’s mind could no longer determine what was real and what was not (Ross, 1965). With the aid of doctors, Randy Gardner was able to recover completely from his psychotic episode. He was monitored while he slept and eventually returned to normal sleep patterns and a normal state of mind. Peter Tripp, however, suffered from his self-inflicted psychotic break. For some time after his sleepless stunt he thought that he was an impostor of himself and complained of headaches and emotional instability. Lack of sleep can also affect how people perform at their jobs. Routine and remedial tasks are often affected by a lack of sleep. Simple errors, such as spelling, grammatical, mathematical, or clerical errors are most often made due to a lack of sleep. These errors can either go unnoticed or can be corrected without significant consequence. More significant errors are also attributed to fatigue. Between 50,000 and 100,000 deaths each year are caused by preventable medical errors. Long shifts for doctors, interns, and nurses deny medical professionals sleep required for them to function a high  levels. The nuclear accident at Three Mile Island, the meltdown at Chernobyl, the grounding of the Exxon Valdez, and the explosion of space shuttle Challenger have all been linked to fatigue (Harris, Horne, 2000). â€Å"Sleep deprivation is bad for your brain when you are trying to do high-level [thinking] tasks. It may have serious consequences both on performance and on the way your brain functions. † -J. Christian Gillin, M. D. (DeNoon, 2000) In research and in experience it has been proven that lack of sleep can have adverse effects on an individual’s physical health, mental health, and productivity. An individuals physical health is affected by sleep deprivation by an increased risk of death, cardiovascular problems, and issues with their immune system. A person’s mental health suffers as well from a lack of sleep. Memory loss, inability to concentrate or focus, and even psychotic episodes have been traced to sleep deprivation. Randy Gardner and Peter Tripp are prime examples of what happens to the brain when it goes without sleep. Poor job performance and errors ranging from insignificant to catastrophic have been linked to a lack of sleep. The amount of sleep needed for each individual is different. Where some people are able to function on very little sleep, others need many hours to fully restore and rejuvenate. References Coren, S. (1996). Sleep thieves : an eye-opening exploration into the mystery and science of sleep. New Yok, NY: Free Press Paperbacks. Hart, A. (1985). Adrenaline and stress. United States: W Publishing Group. Meier-Ewert , H. , Ridker , P. , Rifai, N. , Regan, M. , Price, N. , Dinges, D. , & Mullington, M. (2004, February 18). Effect of sleep loss on c-reactive protein, an inflammatory marker of cardiovascular risk.. Retrieved from http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/14975482. Mann, D. (2010, January 19). Can better sleep mean catching fewer colds?. Retrieved from http://www. webmd. com/sleep-disorders/excessive-sleepiness-10/immune-system-lack-of-sleep Harrison Y, Horne J. 2000. The impact of sleep deprivation on decision making: A review. Retrieved from http://healthysleep. med. harvard. edu/healthy/matters/consequences/sleep-performance-and-public-safety Facts and stats. (2012). Retrieved from http://drowsydriving. org/about/facts-and-stats/ Ross, J. (1965). Neurological findings after prolonged sleep deprivation. Arch Neurol, 12, 399-403. Retrieved from http://www. psychiatrictimes. com/print/article/10168/54471? pageNumber=1&printable=true Chang, L. (2011, March 18). Sleep deprivation and memory loss. Retrieved from http://www. webmd. com/sleep-disorders/guide/sleep-deprivation-effects-on-memory? page=2 DeNoon, D. (2000, February 09). Lack of sleep takes toll on brain power. Retrieved from http://www. webmd. com/sleep-disorders/news/20000209/lack-of-sleep-takes-toll-on-brain-power Sifferlin, A. (Augu). Time healthland. Retrieved from http://healthland. time. com/2012/08/21/study-or-sleep-for-better-grades-students-should-go-to-bed-early/ EFFECTS OF SLEEP DEPRIVATION1.

Microelectronics Reliability Essay

Abstraction Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems or short MEMS, is a engineering that is basically a combination of electro-mechanical stuffs and mechanical technology at a micro graduated table. The engineering used for fiction is derived from the IC fiction procedures and typically ranges from one micrometer to several millimetres. The MEMS engineering finds its usage in assorted applications where for case, micro detectors and/or micro actuators are needed. As its name suggests, MEMS devices are basically mechanical devices that can dwell of fixed parts or a combination of fixed and traveling parts. However this besides gives rise to dependability issues due to both electrical as mechanical issues [ 2 ] s.a. stuff weariness, stiction, dazes etc. The dependability can be greatly enhanced [ 1 ] turn outing the engineering can be suited for usage in high terminal applications. The end of this essay is to present and familiarise the reader to an extent with the operation and the dependability issues of a MEMS accelerometer. First the working of a MEMS accelerometer will be covered after which its dependability will be considered. Here assorted dependability issues will be considered after which†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..some†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.solutions will be given on how to cover with†¦..some†¦..of†¦..the dependability issues. Finally a decision will be drawn if the presented solution†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.solutions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..are bettering the dependability.IntroductionMEMS engineering devices have established a repute over the old ages as capable detector and actuator devices doing assorted information garnering techniques possible. The engineering enables applications to garner information from the environment in assorted spheres merely to change over them to the electrical sphere. Following to the electrical sphere, the detectors can be fabricated to observe mechanical, thermic, chemical, magnetic and optical signals. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Give some more illustrations about the usage and demo some images etc. particularly mention the usage in automotive industry †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ One noteworthy illustration that possibly talk easy to the head is the usage of MEMS detectors in the modern smartphones. The detector enables the phone to observe up from down for assorted maps s.a. exchanging to a larger screen, GPS applications and game characteristics where the phone detects the tilting for playing some games. Figure†¦ ..shows the usage of accelerometers germinating over the old ages. [ 4 ] As the figure points out, the MEMS accelerometer had made its first visual aspect as a clang detector in an airbag. From there it evolved to be used even in playthings where it needs to be inexpensive and is produced in a high volume. However an application in toys doesn’t need to be extremely dependable unlike the usage in application for automotive terminals s.a. the airbag where a life can be saved depending on the right operation of the detector.1. MEMS accelerometerBasic operationFigures†¦shows a basic MEMS capacitive accelerometer. [ 4 ] †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . The MEMS detector shown uses two home bases connected to the cardinal mass w.r.t the fixed home bases as differential capacitances. The electrical capacity is given by The two home bases attached to the cardinal mass signifier series electrical capacities with the fixed home bases. When there is acceleration the mass will travel in the positive or negative way depending on the motion. This in bend will ensue in positive or negative electrical capacity and depending on the distance the capacitances are smaller or larger. Thus for positive motion one capacitance will increase positively while the other will increase negatively, or frailty versa for negative motion. When there is no acceleration the movable mass will be back at its place due to the snap belongingss of Si which consequences in a place equidistance between each outer plates. This will ensue in zero electromotive force on the cardinal home base as the electrical capacity on each side are equal ( except for the sine ) . This is because the outer home bases can be driven with a square moving ridge with the coveted frequence so that one home base sees a positive signal while the other sees a negative signal, and frailty versa. For positive motion the end product square moving ridge is in stage with the input signal resulting in a greater magnitude when demodulated. For negative motion this is the antonym. The described device has merely two outer home bases which means that the sensitiveness will be low. To increase the sensitiveness the figure off traveling fingers ( outer plates ) must be increased [ 1 ] . However every bit will be shown in the text, the more moving parts in the accelerometer the higher the chance of failure.2. Common MEMS failure mechanismsAlthough the MEMS engineering has proved its worth, there are many failure mechanisms that need to be considered when planing to hold a qualitative merchandise at the terminal of the processing. Table†¦ [ 6 ] summarizes the common failure mechanisms of MEMS devices:FailureCauseMechanical FractureOverload, daze ; Corrosion ; FatigueStictionVan der Waals force ; Capillary force ; Chemical bonding ; Electrostatic charging ; Residual emphasisCharge accretionElectric emphasis ; Radiation ; Improper handlingWearAdhesion ; Abrasion ; Corrosion ; Surface wearinessCreep and wearinessIntrinsic emphasis ; Applied emphasis ; Thermal emphasisElectric short and unfastenedDielectric stuff debasement ; ESD, high electric field ; Electromigration ; OxidationContaminationIntrinsic ( e.g. , crystal growing ) ; Manufacturing-induced ; Usage enviro nment-inducedAs the accelerometer is considered as the instance survey, merely some of the failure mechanisms are of involvement. The most of import failure mechanisms are Mechanical breaks. Following to that stiction is besides of import as the accelerometer contains traveling parts. In ulterior subdivisions some solutions will be presented on how to better some of the failure mechanisms.Mechanical fractures†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Mechanical break is the most common failure manner and largely is a consequence of Shocks. Dazes are fundamentally sudden accelerations. While usually an accelerometer operates under conditions merely holding to cover low g-shocks s.a. in consumer electronics, auto clang detectors need to defy much more than that to be dependable. Apart from dazes the mechanical failure manner can besides be a consequence of in-use-stiction as a consequence of suspended parts doing contact that under normal conditions doesn’t occur. The latter will be shows in the fol lowing subdivision.Reducing mechanical breaksTo better the MEMS accelerometer assorted methods can be used. One normally used method is to restrict the motion of the cogent evidence mass by implementing a stopper. Figure†¦..shows an execution of the latter. [ 7 ] The T-shaped construction is the stopper. By implementing the stopper, the break of the back uping beams can be avoided as the maximal emphasis on the beams given by the snap is non exceeded. Following to restricting the emphasis it besides prevents the in-use-stiction as the moving parts are prevented from doing contact with the fixed parts. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..fatigue†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..shocks†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..StictionStiction is one of the most common failure mechanisms in MEMS and occurs where suspended constructions are used ( traveling parts ) . When different parts s.a. the fixed fingers in the accelerometer make contact, these can stay affiliated to one another. Figure†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . [ 6 ] †¦shows some illustrations of sidelong or/and perpendicular stiction. Fig†¦ Examples of assorted stiction ( a ) no stiction ; ( B ) merely sidelong stiction ; and ( degree Celsius ) lateral and perpendicular stiction [ 6 ] . The stiction occurs peculiarly in micromachined constructions where the surface country to volume ratio is big ensuing in a typically little stiffness of reconstructing springs. The stiction can hold assorted causes and most of these can be due to processing, elevated RH degrees and dazes. The adhesion occurs either due to van der Waals, electrostatic forces ( trapped charge ) , capillary forces or a combination of these [ 7 ] .Reducing stictionAs the failure mechanisms of MEMS devices are progressively researched, many ways have been proposed to cut down stiction. Some of these where:Modifying the structural stiffnessDesign of the traveling parts with higher stiffness to get the better of the stiction forceSurface chemical scienceUsing hydrophobic surfaces to forestall H2O from coming into contact with the MEMS structures as H2O causes capillary force and hence stiction [ 6 ] . Alternatively a hermetic waterproofing can be usedRough surfacesRough surfaces reduces the Van der Waals f orce and with that the stictionImplementing a stopper to restrict the motion of the cogent evidence mass ( see old subdivision )Anti stiction coating3. DependabilityDefinition of the dependabilityBefore discoursing the dependability of an accelerometer, the definition of dependability must be considered. Reliability is defined as the chance of a certain merchandise to execute harmonizing to its specifications within typical operating conditions for the expected life-time [ 2 ] . The expression for this is given by As for the failure rate, which is defined as the ratio of the entire figure of failures to the entire operating clip [ 1 ] . Thus ? For measuring the dependability there are several standard theoretical accounts that can be used, viz.The exponential dependability distributionThe binomial dependability distributionThe Poisson dependability distributionWeibull dependability distributionIn this text the exponential signifier is used for the dependability analysis as its less complex than other lifetime distribution theoretical accounts. Then the dependability is given by In world the failure rate is besides a map of clip. The failure rate ( as a map of clip ) follows the behaviour of a bathing tub curve [ 1 ] . [ 2 ] The infant mortality part is caused by merchandise defects and perchance besides by cognize how restrictions like when proving paradigms [ 2 ] , as for the wear-out part, this is merely as its name suggests. Here the chance of no failure before clip T is given by [ 9 ] When ciphering the failure rate for increasing smaller intervals of clip, the jeopardy rate H ( T ) is obtained, with However, because we are sing the exponential failure distribution, the jeopardy rate will be changeless and equal to the failure rate. Here we can see merely the utile clip from the bathing tub curve, that is, most infant mortality failures ( with ruinous defects ) can be filtered out during fabricating trials [ 1 ] . This means that we can see the failure rate to be more changeless and therefore the instantaneous jeopardy rate H ( T ) is merely the failure rate.4. Dependability of a capacitive accelerometerAs was stated in the Introduction subdivision, the capacitive accelerometer will be used for the chance analysis since it’s widely used and needs to be dependable adequate particularly in life endangering state of affairss s.a. auto clangs. The structural diagram of an accelerometer with 2N-fingers is shown in Figure†¦ . [ 8 ] Here the accelerometer consists of fixed and movable parts which all demand to be fault-free. The accelerometer consists of 4 ground tackles, 4 back uping beams, 2N-fixed fingers, one movable cardinal mass and N-movable fingers attached to the cardinal mass. As stated before, utilizing more fingers increases the sensitiveness of the accelerometer. Here the system can be considered as a series theoretical account [ 1 ] because if any of the constituents fail, the whole system fails. For simpleness, the fixed parts can be considered holding perfect dependability as most defects are filtered out during the fabricating trial while the traveling parts can hold a higher dependability of failure. The dependability is so given by ( Rdegree Fahrenheitcorresponds to the traveling fingers ) Therefore the entire failure rate is merely the amount of the failure rates which is given by As can be noted, there is a trade-off between the sensitiveness and the failure rate as both are dependent on n-fingers. As the figure of fingers can be increased to better the sensitiveness, this will convey the dependability down.5. General solutionAs discussed antecedently the mechanical break and stiction are thermoset of import failure mechanisms. Here it was shows how to cut down these failures and hence besides the dependability. However if the device fails anyway so it’s considered useless. Unfortunately this can hold serious effects if it’s used in airbag systems and therefore the dependability still needs to be higher. To make this a more general attack can be used. This attack makes usage of ‘spare parts’ . If the accelerometer is broken up into smaller faculties connected together with some excess faculties, the latter can be used to replace the faulty faculties. As the faculties can be connected to some circuitry that would feel if the moving parts are faulty, a faulty faculty can be excluded and replaced by a excess one and this procedure is repeated until the redundant parts are used for replacing. This method is known as BISR ( built in self fix ) . Figure†¦..illustrates this. †¦ . Here the k-out-of-n redundancy theoretical account can be used for the analysis [ 1 ] . The k-out-of-n system consists out of n-modules, withK-modules non-faulty to guarantee the right operation of the MEMS system. When utilizing such a system, until all the excess faculties are used and at least one faculty from the chief device is faulty at the clip, so the system can no longer map decently. This means that the system, unlike when merely one chief faculty is used, is a parallel system. Figure†¦.illustrates this. †¦.. As the figure shows a 3-out-4 system is assumed. Notice that merely the moving parts are considered. That’s similar to the one-module device we can concentrate on the moving parts merely as these cut down the dependability at higher rate than the fixed parts. Again the dependability of one faculty can be done similar as for the one faculty device antecedently discussed in text. The dependability is so given by ( Rdegree Fahrenheitcorresponds to the traveling fingers ) Therefore the entire failure rate is merely the amount of the failure rates which is given by Notice that unlike earlier, the failure rate is reduced as the figure of traveling fingers are increased for better sensitiveness. This means that the trade-off that had to be made earlier is non made any more and a much better dependability is obtained. The entire dependability of a system is given [ 1 ] by Where m is the excess faculty. Therefore in this instance the dependability is given by Inserting the exponential signifier of the dependability for a faculty However, utilizing this method besides increases the usage of the figure of back uping beams which in bend reduces the dependability. But in the visible radiation of the improved dependability by utilizing the BISR attack, the overall dependability increases more than is decreases [ 1 ] doing this method really utile.DecisionMEMS have proven to be rather utile. However like any merchandise dependability issues can originate. The dependability of MEMS in toys doesn’t need to be all that high while for applications in automotive this needs to be really dependable as a unrecorded can depend on it when used in airbag systems. It has been shown that first it’s best to see the failure mechanisms and to better these which makes a longer lifetime possible. To better the dependability even further the BISR attack can be considered. From this it shows that the dependability can be really high and in the hereafter this attack might be considered to better other types of MEMS detectors.Mentions[ 1 ] X. Xiong, Y. Wu, and W. Jone, â€Å"Reliability analysis of self-repairable MEMS accelerometer, † in Proceedings of the 21st IEEE International Symposium on Defect and Fault Tolerance in VLSI Systems ( DFT '06 ) , pp. 236–244, October 2006 [ 2 ] Jacopo Iannacci, â€Å"Reliability of MEMS: A position on failure mechanisms, betterment solutions and best patterns at development level† , Center for Materials and Microsystems – CMM, Fondazione Bruno Kessler – FBK, Via Sommarive, 18, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy, accepted 2014 [ 3 ] Frank CHoLLET, Haobing LIUâ€Å"A ( non so ) short direction to MEMS† , Creative Commons, version 5.1, 2013 [ 4 ] Michael Kraft, Neil M. White â€Å"MEMS for automotive and aerospace applications† , Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge, 2013 [ 5 ] X. Xiong, Y. Wu, and W. Jone, â€Å"Material weariness and dependability of MEMS accelerometers, † in Proceedings of the 23rd IEEE International Symposium on Defect and Fault Tolerance in VLSI Systems ( DFT '08 ) , pp. 314–322, October 2008 [ 6 ] Ynhan Huang et Al. â€Å"MEMS Reliability Review† , IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON DEVICE AND MATERIALS RELIABILITY, VOL. 12, NO. 2, JUNE 2012 [ 7 ] Allyson L. Hartzell, et Al. â€Å"MEMS Reliability† , Springer, New York, 2011 [ 8 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fandroides.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/8930-62341-How-does-smart-phone-accelerometer-work.png [ 9 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Failure_rate

Power to the people - Emphasis

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The Strange Fate of Indias Peacock Throne

The Strange Fate of India's Peacock Throne The Peacock Throne was a wonder to behold - a gilded platform, canopied in silk and encrusted in precious jewels. Built in the 17th century for the  Mughal emperor Shah Jahan, who also commissioned the Taj Mahal, the throne served as yet another reminder of the extravagance of this mid-century ruler of India. Although the piece only lasted for a short while, its legacy lives on as one of the most ornate and highly sought after pieces of royal property in the regions history. A relic of the Mughal Golden Age, the piece was originally lost and recommissioned before being destroyed forever by rival dynasties and empires. Like Solomon When Shah Jahan ruled the Mughal Empire, it was at the height of its Golden Age, a period of great prosperity and civil accord amongst the Empires people - covering most of India. Recently, the capital had been re-established in Shahjahanabad in the ornately decorated Red Fort, where Jahan held many decadent feasts and religious festivals. However, the young emperor  knew that in order to be, as Solomon had been, the Shadow of God - or the arbiter of Gods will on earth - he needed to have a throne like his. A Jewel-Encrusted Gold Throne Shah Jahan commissioned a jewel-encrusted  gold throne to be built on a pedestal in the courtroom, where he could then be seated above the crowd, closer to God. Among the hundreds of rubies, emeralds, pearls, and other jewels embedded in the Peacock Throne was the famed 186-carat Koh-i-Noor diamond, which was later taken by the British. Shah Jahan, his son Aurangzeb, and later Mughal rulers of India sat on the glorious seat until 1739, when Nader Shah of Persia sacked Delhi and stole the Peacock Throne. Destruction In 1747, Nader Shahs bodyguards assassinated him, and Persia descended into chaos. The Peacock Throne ended up being chopped to pieces for its gold and jewels. Although the original was lost to history, some antiquities experts believe that the legs of the 1836 Qajar Throne, which was also called the Peacock Throne, might have been taken from the Mughal original. The 20th century Pahlavi dynasty in Iran also called their ceremonial seat the Peacock Throne, continuing this pillaged tradition. Several other ornate thrones may have also been inspired by this extravagant  piece, most notably the overexaggerated version King Ludwig II of Bavaria had made some time before 1870 for his Moorish Kiosk in Linderhof Palace.   The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City is said to also have potentially discovered a marble leg from the pedestal of the original throne. Similarly, the Victoria and Albert Museum in London said to have discovered the same years later.   However, neither of these have been confirmed. Indeed, the glorious Peacock Throne may have been lost to all of history forever - all for the want of power and control of India at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries.

The rise of the German unification and how it affected the french Research Paper

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Evolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Evolution - Essay Example one has ever seen evolution happen, and that if it were a process in progress, evolution should still be right on course with numerous observable "transitional" forms of evidence. The arguments above are but valid in a sense for evolutionary processes in terms of changes in the genetic makeup across populations deem to have been observed in an array of scientific contexts, that include basic laboratory experiments with fruit flies, scientifically known as Drosophila melanogaster and even bacteria have never produced new types of insects. Chemically induced mutations in such organisms have only resulted in mild changes, which include, in the case of fruit flies, those with oversized to no wings, white or even purple eyes (DeBenedictis 383). The minor changes have never had significant change on the organisms, with the changes limited to variations. Even with such experiments being repeated over and over again since Darwin invented the theory, fruit flies remain fruit flies; not a single experiment has successfully changed the organism to a different species (Franklin