Positive and Negative Consequences of the Legislation that Enables Essay

Positive and Negative Consequences of the Legislation that Enables Patients to Correct the Health Information in their Records - Essay Example As the study outlines the legalization that allows individuals to correct their EHR information has both positive and negative arguments. On the positive side, when individuals are able to correct their health records in the database, their physicians find it easy and quick to know and acquire their health progress. This is more advantageous in case the individuals get sick and reach levels where they cannot communicate verbally. Additionally, when individuals are able to change their health records, government will have easy time in data collection and gathering since about the nations’ health status since updated patient information will be readily available i.e. reduced delays in information retrieval. On the negative side, McGonigle and Mastrian notes that legalization of individual access to electronic health information might lead to fraud for personal benefits. For instance, if an individual will not get a job due to their health status, they may change it electronicall y to get the job opportunity nevertheless. Nonetheless, the legalization inhibits the demand for health records’ security since patients can change their records to suit their needs.

Comparison of Saudi Arabia and Europe Human Trafficking

Comparison of Saudi Arabia and Europe Human Trafficking International Human Trafficking Introduction Human trafficking is an egregious example of how globalization can facilitate and grow international crime rings for purposes of economic gains. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) defines human trafficking as the acquisition of people by improper means, such as force, deception, or fraud with a primary goal of exploiting them (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2009). With the emergence of globalization, the world has opened up and people are more integrated. As a result, movement across the international borders in Europe and Saudi Arabia has been facilitated by the open trade policies adopted. Also, the rise of industrialization and emergence of multinational corporations in both Saudi Arabia and some of the developed European countries are some of the factors of globalization that have necessitated the need for cheap labor as industrial competition intensified globally. Therefore, it is important to create a comparison of the primary factors that facilitat e international human trafficking in Saudi Arabia and Europe to understand the influence that globalization has on the issue. Research Question The following research paper will focus on the key question: Does human trafficking have the same characteristics in Saudi Arabia, as it does in Europe? In responding to this research question, the study will focus on various aspects of culture, socioeconomic conditions, politics, and institutional differences between Saudi Arabia and European countries, and how they contribute to international human trafficking. Hypothesis The research will be directed towards the following hypothesis: Globalization has led to a set of differences in economic, cultural, technological and political factors in Saudi Arabia and Europe. Consequently, these factors define the individual characteristics of human trafficking in each region. Importance of the Research Question The research question is a core concept in unearthing various economic, social, cultural, and individual factors that motivates human trafficking, which is currently a global issue both in the developing and industrialized countries in Saudi Arabia and Europe. By understanding the existing differences in various aspects of human trafficking in Saudi Arabia and Europe, the study will provide a general blueprint on how globalization has contributed to increased cases of human trafficking worldwide. The research question will guide on global policies that should be enacted in order to deal with the problem of human trafficking, which is already a global threat. Human trafficking is a multifaceted issue, which makes it difficult to alleviate completely. First of all, international human trafficking is the most common form of human trade whereby victims are moved across the borders to other countries. Differences in policies, border regulation legislation, socio-economical issues, and cultures among countries make coordination of efforts to combat the crime futile. Therefore, the research question will enhance our understanding in terms of policies and legislation in Saudi Arabia and European countries, how these policies either prevent or facilitate human trafficking, and what needs to be done about such policies to curb the criminal activity. Also, the research question outlines the factors that motivate human trafficking in Saudi Arabia and whether the same factors contribute to human trafficking in Europe. Generally, it is known that different regions have specific needs for the victims of human trafficking. For instance, victims of human trafficking in Saudi Arabia are mainly required for sexual exploitation and forced labor. On the other hand, in Europe, human trafficking mainly revolves around the acquisition of people for purposes of forced labor, servitude and slavery and sexual exploitation in equal measures. These differences also complicate global efforts on ending human trade. Therefore, the research question will provide a roadmap to establish the underlying factors in the Saudi Arabia and Europe which dictate the specific reasons for the acquisition of victims of human trafficking. Consequently, it is possible to develop an integrated approach to address this multifaceted issue. Lastly, this research question is a key influence on policies that will guide consensus building among countries in order to address the growing problem of international human trafficking. Currently, the world is dynamic in various ways and, therefore, issues affecting one country are likely to impact on others. This has primarily been a factor of globalization. Through globalization, business relationships, as well as individual interaction, have increased. Consequently, international crimes such as human trade have, also been facilitated by this integration. With the neoliberalism and emergence of globalization, nations are in a rush to build their individual economies and at the same time disregard policies that influence international relations. Being an international problem with universal threats to human security, human trafficking has negative effects on international relations. It undermines individual and state security because it violates all the elements of human security as a result of coercion and exploitation. These elements include environmental, personal, economic, political, health, community, and food. Therefore, the research question is holistic and will facilitate understanding of international human trafficking from political, economic, cultural, and humanitarian dimensions on the lens of globalization. Review of Literature In his study, Rahman (2011) defines human trafficking as the movement of victims usually women and children across borders either legally or illegally. In addition, the victims can either be documented or without any documents, usually heading to unknown destination unaware of the consequences thereof (Rahman, 2011, p. 54). Current forms of human trafficking in both Saudi Arabia and Europe are more subtle compared to several decades ago. In most cases, victims are usually lured by better opportunities, such as jobs. This is the modern day slavery. According to Rahman (2011), human trafficking is a global phenomenon that can be inextricably linked to the current move of globalization in the sex industries that mainly involve women and children. There are differences in demand for victims of sex trade between Europe and Saudi Arabia. While sex trade is linked with human child trafficking in Saudi, Arabia, sex trafficking in Europe usually involve more adults than children. Globalization and the subsequent free international border movement has facilitated international human trafficking (Liu, 2010). The process has made border crossing especially in European countries very easy. In both Saudi Arabia and Europe, the existing supply-and-demand relationship as a result of globalization has led to establishment of criminal networks which facilitate illegal border crossing as countries enact restrictive immigration policies (Liu, 2010). Subsequently, this has also increased the risks and vulnerabilities of unauthorized immigrants already in the countries to all forms of exploitation (Liu, 2010). Also, Liu (2010) suggests that limitation of immigration through restrictive policies also perpetuate inequality at the global level. Free movement of capital has been enabled by economic globalization. However, states have been using the migration policies as nation-state level gatekeeping instruments by allowing multinational corporation to relocate to low-cost ar eas (Liu, 2010). Saudi Arabia is among the Middle Eastern countries alongside United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Cambodia, Venezuela among others that are designated as Tier 2 by the United States Department of States in relation to human trafficking. According to this classification, Tier 2 countries have governments that do not comply with the minimum standards to eradicate human trafficking (Trafficking in Persons Report, 2016). Increased cases of human trafficking in Saudi Arabia are motivated by various factors of globalization such as easier movement of people into the country according to this report. Currently, Saudi Arabia is a major destination for people from East Africa and South East Asia who either move to the country voluntarily or trafficked for purposes of labor exploitation, or other criminal activities such as forced begging (Trafficking in Persons Report, 2016). In Saudi Arabia, although globalization is a primary factor for the current trends in human trafficking, the political situat ion in the country is also a factor that has contributed to increasing cases of human trafficking. According to the United States Department of States 2016 Trafficking in Persons Report, the government of Saudi Arabia is yet to fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking (Trafficking in Persons Report, 2016). Despite the high number of immigrants in Saudi Arabia who come as domestic servants as well as other forms of exploitation, the government is yet to increase anti-trafficking efforts (Trafficking in Persons Report, 2016). Therefore, human trafficking in Saudi Arabia is both a factor of globalization and weak government policies, as per the U.S Department of States 2016 report (Trafficking in Persons Report, 2016). ÂÂ   Globalization has also resulted to economic competition whereby increasing product prices increases the demand for cheap labor as a means of cost reduction. Also, inequalities in economic growth among European countries and Saudi Arabia have resulted to industrialization of some countries while others are underdeveloped (Rahman, 2011). Saudi Arabia is among the Middle East countries that are endowed with resources such as oil and therefore their economy is doing well. On the other hand, the source countries in East Africa where the victims of human trafficking come are usually characterized by poor economic development and high population growth rate. Consequently, commodification of human life has resulted as human traffickers view humans as exploitable resources that are readily available (Liu, 2010). In his study, Liu (2010) asserts that although human trafficking generally has a long history, the criminal network in the human trade has extended to an unprecedented scale as a result of the widening inequality at the global level. With globalization and the rise of neoliberalism, inequalities among countries have encouraged millions of disadvantaged people to migrate (Liu, 2010, p. 2). Liu (2010) further suggests that although poverty and poor working conditions are the historically known causes of irregular migration, the phenomenon is not purely supply-driven both Saudi Arabia and Europe. As an industrialized economy, Saudi Arabia is on the edge of global economic competition. Therefore, most of the sectors of the economy are under intense pressure to minimize their costs and at the same time capitalize on cheap and flexible labor. This form of labor is readily found from migrants whether they moved in the country legally or illegally (Liu, 2010). This is also the driving force behind human trafficking in Saudi Arabia andÂÂ   Europe whereby industrialization, as well as the emergence of multinational corporations, demand cheap and readily ava ilable labor (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2009). Gilbertson (2015) views the phenomenon of expanding human trafficking as an outcome of the industrial changes through the era of globalization. As a result of globalization, the sex industry which initially occupied a marginal position has now taken the central position in the global economy. The industry has grown tremendously in Saudi Arabia and Europe as a result of the huge profit margins, the extensive market demand and the organizational mechanism that is keen on exploiting the demand (Gilbertson, 2015, p. 9). Developing nations in Europe which were initially under the Soviet Union, such as Ukraine and the Baltic states, were left adrift after the Cold War (Gilbertson, 2015, p. 16). Subsequently, organized crime took center stage. This era was also characterized by technological development which promoted cross-border trade, migration covering up and investment opportunities. According to Gilbertson (2015), globalization has affected all aspects of life such as culture, politic al systems, economic systems among others in Europe. Human trafficking is among the transnational organized crimes that have expanded as a result of globalization. According to Gilbertson, (2015) growth of transnational organized crimes especially in Europe has been fostered by various factors of globalization such as enhanced flow of goods, capital and services, global tourism, increase in human migration and increase in outsourcing manufacturing. Gilbertson (2015) also shows a correlation between the international human trafficking as a transnational organized crime that has been promoted by the law enforcements and individual governments in both Europe andÂÂ   Saudi Arabia. For a long time, governments have been focusing on criminal groups instead of criminal markets. The existing market demand for victims of human trafficking promotes the human trade despite efforts to eliminate the criminal networks. In her research, Gilbertson (2015) focuses on three key global drivers of trafficking for sex exploitation. They include war, economic instability, and technological advancements. In all recent wars surrounding the recent age of globalization, sex trafficking has been reported, hence, creating a dangerous environment for women and children living in war-torn areas in Europe. Also, the increased mobility of the people and instability in such zones further provide a perfect environment for human trafficking for sexual exploitation (Gilbertson, 2015, p. 22). This is the case in war-torn European countries. In addition, economic instability promotes the emergence of criminal activities and promotes migration. Globalization and technological revolution has promoted human trafficking in many ways. Gilbertson (2015) also links the expansive human trafficking criminal network in Europe and Saudi Arabia to globalization, which influences technological revolution in term of communication and marketing. Communication and information sharing through cell phones have promoted human trafficking especially for purposes of sexual exploitation (Gilbertson, 2015, p. 27). Also, the Internet has led to an enormous boom in the child pornography industry with latest forms of human trafficking for sexual exploitation taking place online through chat rooms. In Holland and other surrounding Nordic countries, pornography is legal, and this has promoted cases of child trafficking for purposes of sexual exploitation (Gilbertson, 2015, p. 28). In addition, globalization has also facilitated advancements in transportation technology both in Europe and Saudi Arabia. The subtle forms of slavery promoted by human trafficking occur when in the process of searching for economic opportunities, migrants are coerced into work unwillingly (Liu, 2010, p. 2). Liu asserts that international human trafficking is not only an international crime but a process of globalization itself especially in technological perspective. Although globalization has contributed to important gains especially in the areas of trade, communication and transport in Europe, it has also opened up new avenues for human traffickers who are able to easily conduct the criminal activities (Liu, 2010). In his study, Brewer (2010) acknowledges the research question by linking the process of globalization as an integral part of growing cases of international human trafficking. In this study, Brewer (2010) asserts that in the wake of globalization, interplay of economic, social and political factors in different parts of the world have resulted to what he terms as global apartheid which has given rise to a new fourth world which is a population comprising of the incarcerated, homeless, impoverished and other socially excluded people (Brewer, 2010, p. 47). This is the group of people who provide most of the victims of human trafficking. The comparative advantage in goods and cheap labor in the third world countries has contributed towards objectifying and exploiting humans for economic ends (Brewer, 2010, p. 48). Based on the suggestions provided by other scholars in answering the research question, I will consider evaluating the existing connection between the process of globalization and international human trafficking. I will focus on providing evidence why human trafficking is not an outcome of globalization but rather a part of it. This implies that even though different states have the option to enact policies and legislation that can minimize cases of human trafficking, there are aspects of globalization that cannot be adjusted. First, I would focus on showing the evidence on how globalization has promoted stiff economic, technological, social, and political competition in both developing and industrialized countries. A primary outcome of this competition is increased inequality between nations. As the industrialized countries continue to develop, the disadvantaged countries are forced to bear the repercussions of this economic competition in terms of slower economic growth, high rate of unemployment, low literacy levels and rapidly growing population. Consequently, I will provide a critical analysis on how these factors provide the right environment which facilitates human trafficking as excessive population makes humans exploitable resources. Also, in answering the research question, I will critically evaluate how political factors such as weak government, corruption and the rise of highly developed organized crimes have led to an increase in cases of human trafficking, especially in the Saudi Arabia. The international community has not yet come into aid of governments with a weak economic infrastructure that can aid in combating this global crime. I will also provide an input on reasons why the weak governments are unable to handle the problem of human trafficking suh as insufficiency of resources, manpower, and technology that is critical in decreasing human trafficking cases in their respective areas of jurisdiction. Also, I wil provide evidence on how human trade has proliferated in European countries where the governments are unable to maintain economic and political stability. Lack of an effective international oversite body to monitor the policies used by individual countries to combat human trafficking also contri butes towards the proliferation of the vice in countries with a weak political system. I will also be critical on Weak relations in the international community and this has also contributed towards the spread of the criminal network dealing in human trade in Europe and Saudi Arabia. Failure by countries and international organizations to effectively monitor and address the problem of human trafficking in individual countries has subsequently reinforced it. In my analysis on the factors in globalization that have contributed to the high rate of human trafficking in Saudi Arabia and Europe, I will also focus on the weak relations in the international community and how they have also contributed towards the spread of the trade as well as how failure by countries and international organizations to effectively monitor and address the problem of human trafficking in individual countries has subsequently reinforced it. With the world moving towards exceeding its capacity, human beings are becoming the most abundant and exploitable resources. Therefore, when answering the research question, I will provide evidence on how countries with a lower Gross National Product (GNP) are more prone to cases of human trafficking in comparison to countries with a high GNP. Also, the answer to the research question will focus on the economic factors in globalization such as increased demand for cheap labor and subsequent influence on international human trafficking . In addition, I will concentrate on issues such as how globalization has destroyed the barriers between countries hence paving the way for illegal inter-border immigration. Increased amount of consumerism in developed countries lead to a subsequent increase in demand for cheap and exploitable labor. Part II Research Methods In order to carry out the research that will help in answering the research question, I will employ various methods of data collection, data analytical tools and assumed data analysis. Primarily, this section of the research will describe the rationale for the application of the specific procedures and techniques in data collection and analysis for the study. This will be a crucial part of the study that will enable the reader to critically evaluate the overall validity and reliability of the study. Data collection and analysis tools that will be chosen for this study are critical because they will automatically affect the findings and by extension, how the findings will be interpreted. The methods that will be chosen for collection and analysis of the data should be appropriate for fulfilling the overall aim of this study in order to come up with informed rationale on the existing relationship between globalization and aspects of international human trafficking in Europe and Saudi A rabia. Therefore, a large enough sample size will be important for this study to generalize and make informed recommendations based on the findings of the study. In this study, aspects of both qualitative and quantitative research will be applied. Study Participants When choosing the participants for this study, it is important to consider the respondents who will provide the best information for this study. Therefore, it is important to think carefully around all the issues surrounding the research question and gain access to the most effective respondents. Secondly, it is important to consider the number of participants who will take part in the study and how they will be selected. The key participants for this study will include government sources who will provide information on policies in place to address human trafficking in Europe and Saudi Arabia. This is because government policies are major drivers of globalization and subsequently, human trafficking. Another group of participants for this study will be identified victims of human trafficking. As study participants, victims of human trafficking are credible sources of vital information regarding the trade such as the methods used by the traffickers to acquire the victims and how they a re facilitated in entering through borders. Information acquired from this group of participants will facilitate the research in terms of creating constructs between border policies in Europe and Saudi Arabia and international human trafficking. Identified victims of human trafficking can be accessed through various recovery centers and focused groups. Another group of study participants who can help in answering the research question include voluntary convicted participants in the human trade who will provide information on various factors of globalization that determine demands for victims of human trade as well as how the cartels are connected in Saudi Arabia and Europe. This group of participants will also provide vital information on how border culture, weak institutions among other factors facilitate the business of human trafficking.ÂÂ   There is no age limit for the study participants because the victims of human trade includes all genders, age groups, race, religion an d socio-economic classes. Data Collection The following research will employ various data collection strategies in order to critically analyze the issues surrounding globalization and how they have contributed toward human trafficking internationally. Both the primary and the secondary data sources will be employed in order to provide a form of analysis on the changing trends in international human trafficking so that the impact of globalization on the vice can be scrutinized. Therefore, the various tools for data collection will be considered in this study. The methods of data collection will depend on their suitability to the target groups and the various issues that require assessment. Also, the tools chosen to collect data will depend on their efficiency in identifying issues such as the outputs and the outcomes of the process. The ability of the instruments of measure to provide similar answers to the same question when administered differently is also a key determinant of the tools to be used in data collection. Variou s data collection tools have their advantages and disadvantages and, therefore, suitability for the study should be the main point of consideration. Data Collection Tools Various methods of data collection critical for the subject include primary data sources from victims of human trafficking. This can be obtained from series of interview, focus groups and case studies in order to obtain first-hand insights into human trade and the similarities in the victims of human trafficking such as countries of origin, economic status and the circumstances surrounding their trafficking. Both qualitative and quantitative data can be collected in relation to globalization and international human trafficking to provide a relationship in between that can guide future approach to the issue. Quantitative data Quantitative data is a useful tool in this research for the informed measure of quantities. This can include statistical data such as numbers of victims of human trafficking etc. Census reports. Census reports are key to globalization and human trafficking studies because it will provide data about every unit in a group of the population. For instance, census reports from various countries can show that age variations among the citizens and also monitor movements of different groups of people both locally and internationally. In addition, through census reports, it is possible to examine the current economic conditions in a given country and how these conditions influence migration of the people. Administrative data. Various international organizations such as UNICEF, ILO, UNODC collect information on a day-to-day basis on operations and economic trends in various countries. The statistics obtained from these organizations annual reports is usually in real time and can be used as an indicator of the conditions on the ground. Administrative data will be useful in this research because it will shows various economic policies operating in different countries influence trade, the emergence of new industries and border movements. This form of data will also provideÂÂ   insights on changing trends on international human trafficking such as the destinations, reasons for the trafficking as well as data on the most preferred victims for the trade. An example is the 2014 Global Report on Trafficking in Persons by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime which shows a changing trend in human trafficking whereby girls are more preferred than boys as aÂÂ   result of growing demands in the sex trade. This report also shows the main reasons behind human trafficking in various parts of the world. In Africa and the Saudi Arabi, sexual exploitation and forced labor are the main drivers behind human trafficking. However, in other parts such as East Asia and Americas, forced labor is the primary reason behind the high cases of human trafficking. Tracer studies. Tracer studies will be an important tool for data collection in this research because they will include a combination of regular surveys which are used as the core tool. The regular surveys will be combined with an in-depth discussion with samples of the surveys as well as interviewing key informants about the human trade. Key informants can be voluntary informants who can be either victim of the trafficking or traffickers themselves. Government sources can also be used to provide key information especially on the interplay between the economic policies put in place and how they promote globalization as well as other outcomes of globalization such as human trafficking. Qualitative data. Qualitative data is critical to this study because it will provide information on the qualities which are not measurable. This includes reasons why a particular group of people is preferred as victims of human trafficking in particular parts of the world as well aa the factors that facilitate human trafficking in various parts of the world. Interviews. Interviewing is an essential data collection tool for this study. Interviews can be done on the identified victims of human trafficking because they will assist in providing first-hand information about the nature of the trade. Essentially, human trafficking is a very discreet trade and much is not known about it. Therefore, by linking the information obtained through interviews, it wil be possible to link various aspects of the trade to the prevailing economic conditions and globalization in general. Case studies.Case studies will be extensively used qualitative data collection tools in this research because they will provide a critical analysis of the issue of human trafficking base on specific cases. In this research, case studies involving a particular individual in the trade or country where human trafficking is rampant can provide general insights on the nature of the trade in other parts of the world and how globalization has contributed to changes in the nature of the trade. Besides, case studies also enable movement tracking whereby the identified victims can provide critical information such as the transport methods used by human traffickers, destination, and communication. Case studies also facilitate the process of identifying various agencies that take part in human trafficking. Literature review for secondary data. Literature materials can also provide credible information on nature on the nature of human trafficking as a result of globalization and also providing a comparison with the earlier forms of human trafficking before globalization. This method of data collection heavily relies on the opinions of the researcher as per their area of study. Through a systematic review of literate, it is possible to identify gaps in research that have not been addressed in relation to globalization as a contributing factor to human trafficking. Various research articles employ different methods of data collection. Therefore, it is also possible to compare the various methods of data collection used and identify the most accurate in terms of the findings. Assumed Data Analysis Data analytics refer to various methods of examining raw data in order to draw informed conclusions in relation to the available information. In this study, various tool for data analysis will be used to summarize the information obtained during data collection in order to illustrate various measures that directly or indirectly link international human trafficking to globalization. Data Analysis Planning During data analysis, it is important to edit the research questions and the alternative hypothesis. The data analysis plan will specify the various statistics that need to be analyzed as per the research question and the assumptions of the statistics. Also, the data analysis plan will provide an appropriate justification as to why the statistics chosen are appropriate. Besides, it is important to justify the sample size and if possible references are made. This is

Essay --

Two years ago, I started getting frequent headaches and dizziness. I was extremely stubborn and did not want to see my primary physician concerning my change in condition. I was checking my blood pressure more frequently and couldn’t help to notice the increase in pressure. I monitored my vitals for about six months. I tried everything I possibly could to change my lifestyle to aid in the relief. I started to run more and make healthier food choices. Nothing worked! My pressures maintained high. I was reluctant to visit the doctor. I personally did not want to be dependent on medications. After a long discussion with my spouse I realized I was being selfish. I scheduled an office visit the following week for a professional opinion. From the time I entered and left the primary care office, I was treated with dignity and respect. I felt extremely comfortable. I was happy I decided to commit myself. It was a big step to admit I wasn’t healthy. The nursing staff was completely empathic and concerned for me and my family. I could see I was the only thing that mattered while they were i... Essay -- Two years ago, I started getting frequent headaches and dizziness. I was extremely stubborn and did not want to see my primary physician concerning my change in condition. I was checking my blood pressure more frequently and couldn’t help to notice the increase in pressure. I monitored my vitals for about six months. I tried everything I possibly could to change my lifestyle to aid in the relief. I started to run more and make healthier food choices. Nothing worked! My pressures maintained high. I was reluctant to visit the doctor. I personally did not want to be dependent on medications. After a long discussion with my spouse I realized I was being selfish. I scheduled an office visit the following week for a professional opinion. From the time I entered and left the primary care office, I was treated with dignity and respect. I felt extremely comfortable. I was happy I decided to commit myself. It was a big step to admit I wasn’t healthy. The nursing staff was completely empathic and concerned for me and my family. I could see I was the only thing that mattered while they were i...

Elizabeth Gaskell and Industrialization Essay

Two of Elizabeth Gaskell’s novels—North and South and Mary Barton—provide a critical insight into the author’s attempt at probing the issues surrounding industrialization in Victorian England. Apart from the fact that both novels feature female characters as protagonists, they also highlight the classic struggle between rich and poor classes in the face of an emerging industrial society. Without losing track of the flow of the stories’ plots, Gaskell is able to incorporate the vital aspects of industrialization. In North and South, Elizabeth Gaskell writes about the struggles of the urban working class in industrial England, specifically in its northern regions, during the 19th century in contrast to the lifestyles of those who live in the wealthier south. Because the story is shown from the perspective of the heroine, Margaret Hale, Gaskell is able to display the other side of the stereotypes attributed to women during the 19th century. For the most part, women at that time were barely able to face their personal circumstances and address them on their own. Margaret Hale, however, defies the notion that women largely depend on men just to live. She initially resists that belief by rejecting romantic proposals—a move that shows how she is in control of her life—and displays it at its highest when she throws her arms around John Thornton in an effort to protect him from the angry mob. The latter indicates that it is not always women who seek the protection of men because women can also protect men even at the expense of such women. As Patsy Stoneman indicates in her book Elizabeth Gaskell, â€Å"[Margaret Hale] confronts the fact that men of all classes are governed, in the public sphere, by a masculine code,† a code that effectively prevents the characteristic of tenderness attributed to females (Stoneman, p. 86). Margaret’s willingness to protect Thornton does not only imbibe the thought that women are tender and should not be harmed. It also presents the idea that women—especially those who are considered outsiders to industrial areas such as Milton—can also learn to sympathize with the people who are working under poverty. The incident in the story where the workers were in a strike against Thornton, the local mill owner, also underlines the idea that an outsider can relate to the woes and conditions of the workers more than those who are directly involved in the industrial system. Another interesting aspect of Gaskell’s thematic exploration of industrialization in North and South is how she was able to reunite, in a manner of speaking, the classes considered as polar opposites. As Dorice Williams Elliott observes in her article: â€Å"the novel bases its case for women’s mediation between classes on an analogy between marriage and class cooperation† (Elliott, p. 25). The presence of the outsider, Margaret, in the industrial town makes it possible for the marriage between the classes to commence. Margaret became no less than a person who paved the way for the better understanding between the rich and poor divide although her presence alone did not entirely dissolve the prevalent disparity. Elliott’s observation that Margaret’s mediation led to class cooperation simply reaffirms the idea that ‘class cooperation† in itself still presumes differences between social classes. In Mary Barton, the disparities between the rich and the poor classes take the shape of the story of a father who seeks to protect his daughter from becoming a fallen woman. Like Margaret Hale in North and South, the story revolves around the life and struggles of Mary Barton in Victorian England. John Barton, Mary’s father, is a millworker who lost most of the members of his family except Mary. One interesting part of the story is when John shot Henry Carson, the son of a rich mill owner. Being someone who deeply questions the wealth disparities between rich and poor—largely because he was â€Å"chairman at many a Trade’s Union meeting; a friend of delegates,† someone who was â€Å"ambitious of being a delegate himself† and a â€Å"Chartist† who was â€Å"ready to do anything for his order† (Gaskell, p. 25)—John’s murder of Henry symbolizes how the members of the poor class sometimes grow desperate. The story is ingenious in the sense that it perfectly subsumes the issues surrounding industrialization in Victorian England into the tale of a woman’s quest for love. Mary Barton is a classic example of how Gaskell effectively writes about the problems caused by industrialization in Victorian England without losing sight of the story’s plot. Despite the debates as to whether Gaskell’s novels genuinely reflect the true nature of the Victorian English society during the onset of the industrial period, it should be reminded that what her novels do is to give a fictional account of the problems people face when dealing with people from another social class. Susan Morgan writes that â€Å"the criterion of likelihood is an inappropriate approach to Gaskell’s work† (Morgan, p. 44). For example, â€Å"it may have well been unlikely in Manchester for relations between worker and employer to find solutions through individual friendships† (Morgan, p. 44). Whatever reasons there may be as to why Gaskell wrote as she did, it is enough to note that North and South and Mary Barton capture the struggles of fictional characters in the face of industrialization. The novels may be fiction at best, yet the circumstance they suggests—the epic divide between rich and poor—remains as real today as it once was. Works Cited Elliott, Dorice Williams. â€Å"The Female Visitor and the Marriage of Classes in Gaskell’s North and South. † Nineteenth-Century Literature 49. 1 (1994): 21-49. Gaskell, Elizabeth Cleghorn. Mary Barton. Ed. Shirley Foster. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. Morgan, Susan. â€Å"Gaskell’s Heroines and the Power of Time. † Pacific Coast Philology 18. 1/2 (1983): 43-51. Stoneman, Patsy. Elizabeth Gaskell. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987.

Dc Power Supply Design

Abstract: The main aim of this assignment is to design a pre amplifier circuit with an NPN transistor to be used in a simple public address (PA) system. The pre amplifier is fed from a microphone that produces an average output voltage of 10 mV rms. The amplifier is to operate over a frequency range of 300 Hz to 5 kHz and should have an adjustable volume control. The expected gain of the amplifier is 100.First we are going to design an amplifier for given specifications, model the operation of the circuit using h-parameter and r-parameter model, use computer aided design software to analyze the circuit performance and demonstrate the working of the circuit by hardware implementation. Then, we will plot the frequency response of the circuit and analyze the effect of the emitter bypass capacitor. Finally we will compare the mid-band gain, bandwidth and lower cutoff frequency obtained from the simulation result and the hardware implementation with the designed values. Chapter 1Introduct ion: Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) is a three terminal device with three regions (Emitter, Base and Collector) and two PN junctions (Emitter-Base junction and Base-Collector junction). Since there are two junctions that means there are four possible ways of biasing a transistor. If both junctions are forward biased then the transistor will operate in the saturation region. If both junctions are reverse biased then the transistor will operate in the cut of region. These two conditions of operation are used when the transistor is needed to work as a switch.To use a transistor as an amplifier, the emitter base junction should be forward biased and the collector base junction should be reverse biased. Amplifier is an electronic circuit that can amplify signals applied to its input terminal. If an AC signal is given to a transistor amplifier it will produce an AC base current. This AC base current will produce a much larger AC collector current since IC=? IB. The AC collector current produces an AC voltage across the load resistor RL, thus producing an amplified, but inverted, reproduction of the AC input voltage in the active region of operations.DC load line is a sloping straight line connecting all the operating points of a transistor biasing drawn on the output characteristics of the transistor and the intersection point gives the Quiescent point (Q-point). A prober Q-point should be in the middle of the DC load line. Selecting a good Q-point prevents the transistor from going into the cutoff or the saturation region and gives more stability. A fixed bias (i. e. base bias) circuit or a voltage divider bias circuit can be used for this assignment but a voltage divider circuit is more efficient.The main disadvantage in a fixed bias circuit is that ? ac depends on temperature, which means ? ac is not stable. And when ? ac changes, IC will change(IC=? IB) and VCE will change. The changes in IC and VCE make the Q-point unstable. Whereas in voltage divider bias c ircuit, IC is independent of ? ac and hence the Q-point is more stable. Voltage divider bias is widely used because reasonably good stability reached with a single power supply. Chapter 2 Problem Description: The problem is to design and fabricate a pre amplifier circuit with an NPN transistor to be used in a simple public address (PA) system.The input of the pre amplifier circuit is taken from a microphone that produces an average output voltage of 10 mV rms. The amplifier is to operate over a frequency range of 300 Hz to 5 kHz. Also, it should have an adjustable volume control. The expected voltage gain of the amplifier is 100. Design Specifications: Voltage gain = 100 Lower cut off frequency = 300Hz Vin = 10mV (rms) RL = 10k? DC power supply = 10V to 15V Type of transistor – NPN We will begin our assignment by selecting a suitable transistor. Then we will decide on a DC voltage supply and assume a prober Q-point (IC, VCE) to carry out the design.We will start the design by calculating the values of Resistors RC and RE and the voltage divider resistors R1 and R2. After that we will calculate the values of the two coupling capacitors (C1 and C2) and the emitter bypass capacitor (CE) for the required cut off frequency. After finishing the mathematical model we will simulate the circuit using OrCAD to analyze the circuit performance. Then, after finishing the simulation, we will assemble the circuit using approximate values of the calculated ones. Finally, we will compare the simulation results with the hardware results.The results we will be focusing on are the voltage gain, the cutoff frequency and the Bandwidth. Chapter 3 Circuit Diagram and Design: Av = 100 FL = 300Hz Av = 100 FL = 300Hz Figure 1 – Circuit Diagram Step1 – Selection of Transistor, Supply Voltage (VCC) and Collector Current (IC): The selected transistor should have a minimum current gain (? ) that is equal to or greater than the desired voltage gain. Therefore, we will us e Q2N2222 in this assignment. Since the output voltage swing is not specified in this assignment, we will choose 12V as our voltage supply. We will choose IC as 4 mA. Transistor: Q2N2222Supply Voltage: VCC = 12 V Collector Current: IC = 4 mA * To carry out the design we need to draw the dc equivalent circuit. Figure 2 – DC Equivalent Circuit Step2 – Design of Collector Resistor (RC) and Emitter Resistor (RE): VCE = 50% VCC = 50% ? 12 = 6 V VE = 10% VCC = 10% ? 12 = 1. 2 V VRC = VCC – VE – VCE = 12 – 6 – 1. 2 = 4. 8 V RC = VRCIC = 4. 8 V4 mA = 1. 2 k? RE = VEIE = VEIC = 1. 2 V4 mA = 300 ? , since IC ? IE Step3 – Design of Voltage Divider R1 and R2: ? = 100 (data sheet) R2 = ? RE10= 100? 30010 = 3 k? VB = VBE + VE = 0. 7 + 1. 2 = 1. 9 V VB = VCCR2R1+R2 R1 = VCCR2VB+R2 = 100? 3k1. +3k = 16 k? * Now we need to draw the ac equivalent circuit. Figure 3 – AC Equivalent Circuit Step4 – Design of RE1 and RE2: RE = RE1 + RE2 Rout = Rc || RL = 1. 2? 101. 2+10= 1 k? r'e = 26mIE = 26mIC = 6. 5 ? AV = Routr'e+RE1 r'e+RE1= RoutAv = 1k100 = 10 ? RE1 =10 – r'e = 10 – 6. 5 = 3. 5 ? RE2 = RE – RE1 = 300 – 3. 5 = 296. 5 ? Step5 – Design of Coupling Capacitors C1 and C2: hie = Rin (base) = ? (r'e+RE1) = 100 ? (3. 5 + 6. 5) = 1 k? Rin (tot) = R1 || R2 || Rin (base) = 1116+13+11 = 716. 4 ? XC1 = Rin(tot)10 = 716. 410 = 71. 64 ? C1 = 12? fLXC1 = 12 300? 71. 64 = 7. 4  µF XC2 = RC + RL = 1. 2 + 10 = 11. k? C2 = 12? fLXC2 = 12 300? 11200 = 47. 4 nF Step6 – Design of Bypass Capacitor CE: R’S = R1 || R2 = 16. 09? 316. 09+3 = 2. 5 k? Re = RE2 ||{ R’S ? + (r'e+RE1)} = 296. 5 ||{ 2500 100+ (6. 5+3. 5)} = 296. 5? 35296. 5+35 = 31. 3 ? XCE = Re10 = 31. 310 = 3. 13 ? CE = 12? fLXCE = 12 300? 3. 13 = 169. 5  µF Av = 100 FL = 300Hz Av = 100 FL = 300Hz Figure 4 – Circuit Diagram with values Simulation Results: With CE: Mid-band gain, AV = 99. 8 Lower Cutoff Frequency, FL = 334 Hz Higher Cutoff Frequency, FH = 20. 6 MHz Bandwidth, BW = FH – FL = 20. 6 M – 334 = 20. 6 MHz Without CE: Mid-band gain, AV = 3. 5Lower Cutoff Frequency, FL = 305 Hz Higher Cutoff Frequency, FH = 46 MHz Bandwidth, BW = FH – FL = 46 M – 305 = 46 MHz (Circuit Diagram and Frequency Response are enclosed along with this report) Chapter 4 Hardware Fabrication and Testing Details: During circuit assembling process we tried to find the nearest values to the calculated ones. These are the values we used: RC = 1. 2 k? we selected1. 2 k? RE1 = 3. 5 ? we selected4. 5 ? RE2 = 296. 5 ? we selected270 ? R1 = 16 k? we selected15 k? R2 = 3 k? we selected2. 2 k? C1 = 7. 4  µF we selected10  µF C2 = 47. 4 nF we selected47 nF CE = 169. 5  µF we selected147  µF Procedure: . Assembled the circuit on a breadboard and connected a DC power supply of 12V. 2. Applied a sine wave of 10 mV amplitude and 100 Hz frequency to the input. 3. Observed the output waveform in the CRO and noted down the amplitude. 4. Increased the input signal frequency in steps, without changing its amplitude, and noted down the output amplitude at each step. 5. Calculated the voltage gain of the amplifier by the equation, AV = Vout/Vin found the voltage gain in dB by the equation, AV (dB) = 10 log (AV). 6. Plotted the frequency response curve and found the frequencies (fL and fH) for which the gain reaches 0. 07 of mid band gain. 7. Found the frequency range between fL and fH which gives the bandwidth of the amplifier. Hardware Results: With CE: Frequency (Hz)| Vout (mV)| AV| AV (dB)| log f| 100| 182| 18. 2| 25. 20| 2. 0| 500| 662| 66. 2| 36. 42| 2. 7| 1 k| 750| 75. 0| 37. 50| 3. 0| 5 k| 784| 78. 4| 37. 89| 3. 7| 10 k| 786| 78. 6| 37. 91| 4. 0| 50 k| 786| 78. 6| 37. 91| 4. 7| 100 k| 786| 78. 6| 37. 91| 5. 0| 500 k| 786| 78. 6| 37. 91| 5. 7| 1 M| 786| 78. 6| 37. 91| 6. 0| 2 M| 784| 78. 4| 37. 89| 6. 3| 5 M| 770| 77. 0| 37. 73| 6. 7| 10 M| 728| 72. 8| 37. 24| 7. 0| 50 M| 344| 34. 4| 30. 73| 7. 7| 100 M| 182| 18. 2| 25. 0| 8. 0| Mid-band gain, AV = 78. 6 Lower Cutoff Frequency, FL = 2. 6 B = 398 Hz Higher Cutoff Frequency, FH = 7. 35 B = 17. 78 MHz Bandwidth, BW = FH – FL = 17. 78 M – 398 = 17. 78 MHz Without CE: Frequency (Hz)| Vout (mV)| AV| AV (dB)| log f| 100| 12| 1. 2| 1. 58| 2. 0| 500| 32| 3. 2| 10. 10| 2. 7| 1 k| 36| 3. 6| 11. 13| 3. 0| 5 k| 38| 3. 8| 11. 60| 3. 7| 10 k| 38| 3. 8| 11. 60| 4. 0| 50 k| 38| 3. 8| 11. 60| 4. 7| 100 k| 38| 3. 8| 11. 60| 5. 0| 500 k| 38| 3. 8| 11. 60| 5. 7| 1 M| 38| 3. 8| 11. 60| 6. 0| 2 M| 38| 3. 8| 11. 60| 6. 3| 5 M| 38| 3. 8| 11. 60| 6. 7| 10 M| 36| 3. 6| 11. 13| 7. 0| 50 M| 26| 2. 6| 8. 0| 7. 7| 100 M| 18| 1. 8| 5. 10| 8. 0| Mid-band gain, AV = 78. 6 Lower Cutoff Frequency, FL = 2. 55 B = 356 Hz Higher Cutoff Frequency, FH = 7. 6 B = 39. 81 MHz Bandwidth, BW = FH – FL = 39. 81 M – 356 = 39. 81 MHz (Frequency responses of the circuit with and without CE are enclosed along with this report) (Frequency responses of the circuit with and without CE are enclosed along with this report) Chapter 5 Discussion and Conclusion: * First of all, there are several ways and various methods to design a common emitter amplifier or so-called RC coupled amplifier that are completely different than the one we used.We did not choose this method because it is the best method, actually, there is no such a thing called the best method. There are simple ways and there are more accurate ways. It depends on the primary assumptions, the design specifications and the thumb rules used. Simply, the method we used achieved the design requirements and accomplished desired results. * An Amplifier is a circuit that is capable of amplifying signals applied to its input terminal. The main component in any amplifier circuit is usually a transistor.Since the transistor configuration we used is a common emitter configuration, the circuit is called a Common Emitter Amplifier. Unlike other configurat ions, CE amplifier exhibit high voltage gain and high current gain. Generally, the process of a common emitter amplifier can be explained in three steps. First, the AC input signal produces an AC base current. Then, This AC base current will produce a much larger AC collector current since IC=? IB. After that, The AC collector current produces an AC voltage across the load resistor RL, thus producing an amplified, but inverted, reproduction of the AC input voltage. To use a transistor as an amplifier it should be operated in the active region (linear region). To set a transistor in the active region both junctions, Emitter-Base junction and Base-Collector junction, should be forward biased. Since changes in in temperature and other factors during the amplification process may drive the transistor into the cutoff or the saturation region, the Q-point should be in the middle of the active region to enhance the stability of the amplifier. * We preferred using a voltage divider bias cir cuit over other biasing circuits because in this kind of biasing circuits, IC is independent of ? nd therefore the Q-point is more stable. Voltage divider bias circuit is widely used because of the good stability reached with a single power supply. * C1 and C2 are called coupling capacitors. They pass ac from one side to another and block dc from appearing at the output side. In addition to that, C1 act as a high pass filter on the input signal and its value must be chosen so that it does not attenuate the frequencies which are to be amplified. Similarly, C2 also must be prevented from attenuating the output signal. * The bypass capacitor CE provides an effective short to the ac signal round the emitter resistor RE2, thus keeping only RE1 seen by the ac signal between the emitter and ground. Therefore, with the bypass capacitor, the gain of the amplifier is maximum and equal to AV=Routr'e+RE1 . Without the bypass capacitor, both RE1 and RE2 are seen by the ac signal between the emit ter and ground and effectively add to r'e in the voltage gain formula. Hence, AV=Routr'e+RE1+RE2 . * r'e is a dynamic resistor that depends on temperature. If AV was dependent only on r'e, and RE1 was not there (i. e. AV=Routr'e ), AV will be unstable over changes in temperature because when r'e increases, the gain decreases and vice versa.In order to minimize the effect of r'e without reducing the voltage gain to its minimum value we partially bypassed the total emitter resistance RE. This is known as swamping which is a compromise between having a bypass capacitor across RE and not having a bypass capacitor at all. RE1 should be at least ten times greater than r'e to minimize the effect of it. In our design RE1 is less than r'e and hence it will not do anything other than slightly reducing the gain to be about 100. In other words, in our design RE1 is somehow useless. * At lower frequencies, a capacitor will act as an open circuit.At higher frequencies, a capacitor will act as a s hort circuit. That is because the capacitive reactance is inversely proportional to the frequency (XC=1/2? fC). In an RC coupled amplifier circuits, at lower frequencies, more voltage drops across C1 and C2 because their reactance is very high. This higher signal voltage drop reduces the voltage gain of the amplifier. Similarly, at lower frequencies, the reactance of the bypass capacitor (CE) increases and this reactance in parallel with RE1 create an impedance that reduces the voltage gain.This is why RC coupled amplifier circuits have less voltage gain at lower frequencies than they have at higher frequencies. However, at higher frequencies, the reactance of the internal transistor junction capacitance goes down and when it becomes small enough, a portion of the output signal voltage is fed back out of phase with the input, thus effectively reducing the voltage gain. * Our hardware implementation results and simulation results were different. Obviously, that is because we did not find the exact values for our design. There was a notable difference between the design values and the values we have selected, especially for R2.The cutoff frequency (fL=398 Hz) is somehow acceptable but the mid band gain (AV=78. 6) is a little bit less than the desired one. Increasing the value of R2 could have solved the problem. It could have increased the voltage gain and reduced the cutoff frequency. * One of the aims of the design is to have an adjustable volume control. There are several ways to do this. One of them, and I think it’s the best, is by using a variable resistor in place of RE1 (i. e. a 100 ? variable resistor). Basically, this resistor is inversely proportional to the voltage gain (AV=Routr'e+RE1 ).Reducing the value of RE1 will increase the voltage gain, thereby increasing the volume and vice versa. References: 1. Theodore F. Bogart, Jefferey S. Beasley and Guilermo Rico (2004). Electronic Devices and Circuits. India: Pearson Education, Inc. 2. Thomas L . Floyd (2005). Electronic Devices. 7th ed. India: Pearson Education, Inc. 3. HyperPhysics  (2004)  Common Emitter Amplifier,[online] Available at: http://hyperphysics. phy-astr. gsu. edu/hbase/electronic/npnce. html [Accessed: 20th Nov 2011]. 4. Scribd  (2006)  Common Emitter Amplifier,  [online] Available at: http://www. cribd. com/doc/27767944/Common-Emitter-Amplifier [Accessed: 25th Nov 2011]. 5. Visionics  (2005)  RC Coupled Amplifier,  [online] Available at: http://www. visionics. ee/curriculum/Experiments/RC%20Ampr/RC%20Coupled%20Amplifier1. html [Accessed: 1st Nov 2011]. 6. SSIT  (2006)  Analog Electronic Circuits,  [online] Available at: http://www. ssit. edu. in/dept/assignment/aeclabmanual. pdf [Accessed: 5th Nov 2011]. 7. Edutalks  (2007)  RC Coupled Amplifier,  [online] Available at: http://www. edutalks. org/electronics%20lab%20manual%201. pdf [Accessed: 7th Nov 2011].